tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91770792407304585602024-02-08T10:15:47.758-08:00octopus 4Eran's bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00523007902793689429noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177079240730458560.post-20545657017061918762016-01-20T03:51:00.001-08:002016-01-20T03:51:42.515-08:004<div class="hatnote" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
This article is about the solo musician. For other persons with the same name, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Taylor (disambiguation)">James Taylor (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: khaki; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn">James Taylor</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="James Taylor - Columbia.jpg" data-file-height="1011" data-file-width="834" height="267" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg/220px-James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg/330px-James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg/440px-James_Taylor_-_Columbia.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div>
Taylor in the mid-1970s</div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: khaki; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Background information</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Birth name</th><td class="nickname" style="vertical-align: top;">James Vernon Taylor</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">March 12, 1948 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 67)</span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, United States</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Origin</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Music genre">Genres</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_rock" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Country music">country</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Occupation(s)</th><td class="role" style="vertical-align: top;">Singer-songwriter, musician</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Instruments</th><td class="note" style="vertical-align: top;">Vocals, guitar, harmonica<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Years active</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1966–present</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Record label">Labels</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Apple Records">Apple</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capitol Records">Capitol</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EMI Records">EMI</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros.</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sony Music Entertainment">SME</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hear_Music" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hear Music">Hear Music</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Associated acts</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carly Simon">Carly Simon</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Asher" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Asher">Peter Asher</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://jamestaylor.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">jamestaylor<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr>
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<b>James Vernon Taylor</b> (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> winner, Taylor was inducted into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in 2000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> He is one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling artists of all time</a>, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_and_Rain_(song)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fire and Rain (song)">Fire and Rain</a>" and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ve_Got_a_Friend" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="You've Got a Friend">You've Got a Friend</a>", a recording of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>'s classic song. His 1976 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(James_Taylor_album)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greatest Hits (James Taylor album)">Greatest Hits</a></i>album was certified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification#RIAA_Diamond_certifications" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RIAA certification">Diamond</a> and has sold 12 million US copies. Following his 1977 album, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JT_(album)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JT (album)">JT</a></i>, he has retained a large audience over the decades. Every album he released from 1977 to 2006 sold over a million copies. His chart performance had a resurgence during the late 1990s and 2000s, when he recorded some of his most-awarded work (including <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass_(James_Taylor_album)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hourglass (James Taylor album)">Hourglass</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Road_(album)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="October Road (album)">October Road</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covers_(James_Taylor_album)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Covers (James Taylor album)">Covers</a></i>). He achieved his first number one album in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Billboard 200">US</a> in 2015 with his recording <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_This_World" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Before This World">Before This World</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
Eran's bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00523007902793689429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177079240730458560.post-60624391866585446612016-01-20T00:14:00.001-08:002016-01-20T00:14:52.384-08:003<div class="hatnote" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
For other people named Charles Dodgson, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dodgson_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Dodgson (disambiguation)">Charles Dodgson (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn">Lewis Carroll</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div>
Lewis Carroll, 1855</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">Charles Lutwidge Dodgson<br />
27 January 1832<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daresbury" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daresbury">Daresbury</a>, Cheshire, England</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">14 January 1898 (aged 65)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">Writer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>cleric, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Photographer">photographer</a>, artist</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">British</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Genre</th><td class="category" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a>, fantasy literature, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_nonsense" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Literary nonsense">literary nonsense</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_theory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voting theory">voting theory</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Notable works</th><td style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>,<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>,<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a></i>,<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a></i>,<br />
<i>Curiosa Mathematica, Part I: A New Theory of Parallels</i>,<br />
<i>Curiosa Mathematica, Part II: Pillow Problems</i>,<br />
"The Principles of Parliamentary Representation"</td></tr>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; vertical-align: top;">Signature</th><td style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="168" data-file-width="585" height="46" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg/160px-LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg/240px-LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg/320px-LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
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Lewis Carroll</div>
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<b>Charles Lutwidge Dodgson</b> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/ 'ch' in 'china'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑːr/ 'ar' in 'bard'">ɑːr</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'z' in 'Zion'">z</span></span> <span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/ short 'u' in 'bud'">ʌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/ 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span> <span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/ 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <b>Lewis Carroll</b> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ær/ 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/əl/ 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>), was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_writers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of English writers">English writer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logician" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logician">logician</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anglican">Anglican</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Photographer">photographer</a>. His most famous writings are <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>, its sequel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>, which includes the poem <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a></i>, and the poem <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a></i>, all examples of the genre of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_nonsense" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Literary nonsense">literary nonsense</a>. He is noted for his facility at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_play" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Word play">word play</a>, logic, and fantasy. There are societies in many parts of the world<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the </div>
Eran's bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00523007902793689429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177079240730458560.post-79018245376872866712016-01-20T00:12:00.004-08:002016-01-20T00:12:50.686-08:002<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#mw-head" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#p-search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
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For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portmanteau (disambiguation)">Portmanteau (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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A <b>portmanteau</b> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="noexcerpt"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/En-us-portmanteau-1.ogg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" data-file-height="11" data-file-width="11" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a><sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"><span class="IPA" style="color: #0000ee; font-size: 8.96px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-portmanteau-1.ogg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="File:En-us-portmanteau-1.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔːr/ 'or' in 'born'">ɔːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔːr/ 'or' in 'born'">ɔːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; plural <i>portmanteaus</i> or <i>portmanteaux</i> <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/-/ affix">-</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'Zion'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>portmanteau word</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_word" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blend word">blend of words</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Garner_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-Garner-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> in which parts of multiple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Word">words</a>, or their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phone (phonetics)">phones</a> (sounds), and their meanings are combined into a new word.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Garner_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-Garner-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MW_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-MW-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Originally, the word "portmanteau" refers to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitcase" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suitcase">suitcase</a> that opens into two equal sections.</div>
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A portmanteau word fuses both the sounds and the meanings of its components, as in <i>smog</i>, coined by blending <i>smoke</i> and <i>fog</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MW_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-MW-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Websters_college_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-Websters_college-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> or <i>motel</i>, from <i>motor</i> and <i>hotel</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph which represents two or more<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-What_is_a_portmanteau_morph_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-What_is_a_portmanteau_morph-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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The definition overlaps with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> term <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a></i>, but contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as <i>do</i> and <i>not</i> to make <i>don't</i>, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept which the portmanteau describes.</div>
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A portmanteau should also be distinguished from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a>, which does not involve the truncation of parts of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stem (linguistics)">stems</a> of the blended words. For instance, <i>starfish</i> is a compound, not a portmanteau, of <i>star</i> and <i>fish</i>; whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of <i>star</i>and <i>fish</i> might be <i>stish</i>.</div>
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Eran's bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00523007902793689429noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9177079240730458560.post-41220878588191060702016-01-20T00:12:00.001-08:002016-01-20T00:12:26.026-08:001<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">
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This article is about the Internet encyclopedia. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia (disambiguation)">Wikipedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<span class="plainlinks selfreference">For Wikipedia's non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:About">Wikipedia:About</a>.</span></div>
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For the Wikipedia home page, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Main_Page" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Main Page">Wikipedia:Main Page</a>.</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uniform resource locator">Web address</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.org/" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">wikipedia<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Commercial?</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">No</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
Type of site</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_encyclopedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet encyclopedia">Internet encyclopedia</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Registration</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Optional<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[notes 1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Available in</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">288 editions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_user" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Registered user">Users</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:Statistics">115,603</a> active editors<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[notes 2]</a></sup>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:Statistics">27,284,854</a> registered editors</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
Content license</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Creative Commons licenses">CC Attribution / Share-Alike</a> 3.0</span><br /><small>Most text is also dual-licensed under<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>; media licensing varies</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Written in</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Linux">L</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Apache HTTP Server">A</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MySQL">M</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PHP">P</a> platform<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-roadchap_4-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-roadchap-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Owner</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Created by</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sidener_5-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Sidener-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Launched</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">January 15, 2001</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></span> 7<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> (January 2016)</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top;">Current status</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Active</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Wikipedia</b> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="noexcerpt"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" data-file-height="11" data-file-width="11" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a><sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"><span class="IPA" style="color: #0000ee; font-size: 8.96px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/ or /ə/ 'e' in 'roses'">ᵻ</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'bead'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="noexcerpt"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" data-file-height="11" data-file-width="11" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a><sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"><span class="IPA" style="color: #0000ee; font-size: 8.96px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'bead'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i><b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">wik</span></span></b>-i-<b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">pee</span></span></b>-dee-ə</i></a></span>) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gratis">free-access</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free content">free-content</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_encyclopedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet encyclopedia">Internet encyclopedia</a>, supported and hosted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. Those who can access the site can edit most of its articles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> It was ranked among the ten most popular websites,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> and constitutes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a>'s largest and most popular general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reference work">reference work</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tancer_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Tancer-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woodson_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Woodson-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Our founders, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> launched Wikipedia on January 15, 2001. Sanger<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MiliardWho_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-MiliardWho-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> coined <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikipedia" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:Wikipedia">its name</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-J_Sidener_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-J_Sidener-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiki">wiki</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[notes 3]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Encyclopedia">encyclo<i>pedia</i></a>. Initially only in English, we've quickly became<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> as it developed similar versions in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_coordination" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination">other languages</a>, which differ in content and in editing practices. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> is now one of 291 Wikipedia editions and is the largest with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:Statistics">5,059,831</a> articles (having <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_million_articles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Five million articles">reached</a> 5,000,000 articles in November 2015). There is a grand total, including all Wikipedias, of over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:Statistics">38 million articles</a> in over 250 different languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-CBS-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> As of February 2014, it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_visitor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unique visitor">unique visitors</a> each month.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-small_screen-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peer review">peer review</a> of 42 science articles found in both <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> and Wikipedia was published in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in 2005, and found that our level of accuracy approached <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> 's.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Wikipedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Criticisms of Wikipedia">Criticisms of Wikipedia</a> include claims that <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_in_Wikipedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bias in Wikipedia">it exhibits systemic bias</a>, presents a mixture of "truths, half truths, and some falsehoods",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-EdwinBlack-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> and that in controversial topics it is subject to manipulation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spin (public relations)">spin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Petrilli_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Petrilli-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div>
<div class="toclimit-3">
<div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;">
<div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background: none; border: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#" id="togglelink" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Openness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Openness</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Restrictions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Restrictions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Review_of_changes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Review of changes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Vandalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Vandalism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Policies_and_laws" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Policies and laws</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Content_policies_and_guidelines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Content policies and guidelines</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Governance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Governance</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Administrators" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Administrators</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Dispute_resolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Dispute resolution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Community" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Community</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Diversity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Diversity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Language_editions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Language editions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Critical_reception" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Critical reception</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Accuracy_of_content" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Accuracy of content</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Quality_of_writing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Quality of writing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Coverage of topics and systemic bias</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Explicit_content" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Explicit content</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Privacy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Privacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Sexism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">7.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sexism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Operation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Operation</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Wikimedia_Foundation_and_the_Wikimedia_chapters" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Software_operations_and_support" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Software operations and support</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Automated_editing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Automated editing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Wikiprojects.2C_and_assessments_of_articles.27_importance_and_quality" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Wikiprojects, and assessments of articles' importance and quality</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Hardware_operations_and_support" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hardware operations and support</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Internal_research_and_operational_development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Internal research and operational development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Internal_news_publications" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">8.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Internal news publications</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Access_to_content" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Access to content</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Content_licensing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Content licensing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Methods_of_access" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">9.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Methods of access</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Impact" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Impact</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Readership" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">10.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Readership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Cultural_significance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">10.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cultural significance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Sister_projects_.E2.80.93_Wikimedia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">10.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sister projects – Wikimedia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Publishing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">10.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Publishing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Scientific_use" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">10.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Scientific use</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Related_projects" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Related projects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">13.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">14</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Academic_studies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">14.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Academic studies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Books" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">14.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#Book_reviews_and_other_articles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">14.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Book reviews and other articles</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">15</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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